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Palmyra
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How it came to be
This desert oasis appears as Tadmor in a contract from around 2000 BC and in 18th-century BC tablets from Mari. It came under Roman control in the mid-1st century AD and became a caravan stop linking Persia, India and China with Rome.
The Temple of Bel was dedicated in AD 32, and a colonnaded street about 1,100 m long formed the city's spine. Queen Zenobia defied Rome around 270, Aurelian levelled the city in 273, and IS blew up the temple's cella in 2015.
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