New Lanark
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How it came to be
In Scotland the businessman David Dale built cotton-spinning mills and a village around them, and the mills started work in 1786. Richard Arkwright was briefly his partner in building them.
In 1800 Dale's son-in-law Robert Owen became mill manager. When his partners objected to the cost of his welfare schemes, Owen bought them out in 1813 with the backing of Jeremy Bentham and others. He completed the Institute for the Formation of Character in 1816 and in 1817 opened what is described as the first infants' school in Britain. About 2,500 people lived in the village then, some 500 of them children.
After Owen left Britain in 1825 the mills passed to other owners, and they closed in 1968. The New Lanark Conservation Trust was set up in 1974 to stop the village being demolished, and the mills, workers' housing, institute and school survive. A bid in 1986 failed, and the village was inscribed in 2001.
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