Maratha Military Landscapes of India
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How it came to be
The Maratha Military Landscapes of India are twelve forts: eleven in Maharashtra and Gingee in Tamil Nadu. Between the late 17th and early 19th centuries the Marathas built, adapted or expanded these mountain and coastal strongholds, which worked as a defence network behind their military power, trade protection and territorial control. At the centre stood Shivaji, founder of the first Maratha kingdom.
Pratapgad was built in 1656, and in 1659 Shivaji defeated the Bijapur general Afzal Khan there. He built the sea fort of Sindhudurg in 1664 and was crowned king at Raigad in 1674. His forces seized Gingee in southern India in 1677, and in 1679 he built the island fort of Khanderi against the British and the Siddis.
The forts entered India's Tentative List in 2021. In its 2025 evaluation ICOMOS advised against inscription, finding it had not been shown that the scattered forts worked as one integrated defence system, but the 47th session of the World Heritage Committee inscribed them in July 2025.
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