Archaeological site of Carthage
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How it came to be
Carthage was founded on the Gulf of Tunis in the 9th century BCE. From the 6th century BCE it grew into a trading power whose reach covered much of the Mediterranean. After the long Punic Wars, Scipio Aemilianus besieged the citadel of Byrsa, and in 146 BCE the city was destroyed.
In 122 BCE Gaius Gracchus founded a short-lived colony there to give land to poor farmers, but the Senate abolished it. Between 49 and 44 BCE Julius Caesar refounded the city as Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago, and a Roman Carthage rose on the ruins of the first. It became the centre of the province of Africa, and under Antoninus Pius it gained the largest Roman baths in Africa.
The Vandals took the city in 439 and made it their capital, and in 533 Belisarius recovered it for the Eastern Roman Empire. In 698 Umayyad forces under Hassan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage and destroyed much of it. Construction of St Louis Cathedral began on Byrsa Hill in 1884, and the site was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1979.
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