Historic City of Toledo
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How it came to be
Toledo lies about 70 km south of Madrid. In 193 BC the Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior defeated a Celtic confederation near the town. It became a Roman municipium, and remains of a circus, a bridge over the Tagus and an aqueduct survive. In the 6th century it became capital of the Visigothic kingdom, and at a council in 589 King Reccared converted from Arianism to Catholicism.
Tariq ibn Ziyad took Toledo in 711 or 712. It became a fortress of the Umayyad realm of Córdoba, and the Bab al-Mardum mosque was completed in 999. On 25 May 1085 Alfonso VI took the city, which became known as the city of three cultures, where Christians, Muslims and Jews lived side by side. Its School of Translators rendered Arabic and Hebrew works into Castilian and Latin and spread their learning across Christian Europe.
The synagogues of Santa María la Blanca and El Tránsito recall the Jewish community, which lived here until the expulsion of 1492. From 1519 to 1561 Toledo was the temporary seat of supreme power under Charles V, but in 1561 Philip II moved the court to Madrid and the city declined. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1986.
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